| Title: |
| Spectroscopy of Mrk 231 and NGC 4151 in the 3 mu m Region |
| Authors: |
| IMANISHI, MASATOSHI; TERADA, HIROSHI; GOTO, MIWA; MAIHARA, TOSHINORI |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588; E-mail (MI): imanishi@optik.mtk.nao.ac.jp), AD(Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502 ) |
| Journal: |
| Publ. of the Astronomical Society of Japan, v.50, p.399-404. |
| Publication Date: |
| 08/1998 |
| Origin: |
| PASJ |
| PASJ Keywords: |
| GALAXIES: ACTIVE, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (MRK 231, NGC 4151), INFRARED: SPECTRA |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1998: Astronomical Society of Japan |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1998PASJ...50..399I |
Abstract
We present the results of spectroscopic studies of Mrk 231 and NGC 4151
in the 3 mu m region. In the spectrum of Mrk 231, the strengths of the
3.3 mu m emission feature and the 3.4 mu m carbonaceous absorption
feature are smaller than expected. The weakness of the 3.3 mu m
emission feature implies that large fractions of extended H_{2} emission
detected by Krabbe et al. (1997, AAA 67.158.058) are excited by
SMBH-driven activities, and/or the 3.3 mu m emission carriers in the
circumnuclear starburst region are destroyed by being exposed to
energetic radiation from SMBH-driven activities. The weakness of the 3.4
mu m carbonaceous absorption feature may be due to the destruction of
C--H stretching bonds in dust grains and/or lower abundance of C
relative to Si, O, and Mg than that in our Galaxy, consistent to the
fact that Mrk 231 is now undergoing starburst activities. In the
spectrum of NGC 4151, we detect the broad Bralpha emission line, but do
not detect the 3.3 mu m emission feature nor the 3.4 mu m carbonaceous
absorption feature. The non-detection of the 3.3 mu m emission feature
implies that nuclear starburst activities just outside the obscuring
torus are weak (L_FIR< 3.7 times 10(9) LO ).
| Title: |
| Erratum: ``A Subkiloparsec Disk In Markarian 231'' [Astron. J. 115, 928 (1998)] |
| Authors: |
| CARILLI, C. L.; WROBEL, J. M.; ULVESTAD, J. S. |
| Affiliation: |
| AC(National Radio Astronomy Obervatory) |
| Journal: |
| The Astronomical Journal, Volume 116, Issue 2, pp. 1007-1007. |
| Publication Date: |
| 08/1998 |
| Origin: |
| AJ |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| The American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1998AJ....116.1007C |
Abstract
The abstract and summary sections incorrectly state that the maximum
radius of the radio continuum disk is 440 mas. The correct statement is
that the major axis of the disk is 440 mas, as given in § 3.1 of
the paper.
| Title: |
| The Emergence of a Quasar from the Luminous Infrared Galaxy Mrk 231 |
| Authors: |
| SMITH, HARDING E.; LONSDALE, CAROL J.; LONSDALE, COLIN J.; DIAMOND, PHILIP J. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(CASS/UCSD), AB(IPAC/Caltech), AC(Haystack Obs/MIT), AD(NRAO) |
| Journal: |
| American Astronomical Society Meeting, 192, #11.10 |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1998 |
| Origin: |
| AAS |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1998: American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1998AAS...192.1110S |
Abstract
Mrk 231, a Luminous Infrared Galaxy with log L_{fir} = 12.35(L_sun) is
generally considered to be a dust-enshrouded quasar. Mrk 231 shares many
characteristics with quasars including a broad, Sy1 optical emission
spectrum, optical and radio variability, and broad-absorption-line (BAL)
spectrum. In common with other Luminous IR Galaxies, Mrk 231 is a
molecular-gas-rich system showing evidence for a merger or other
dynamical disturbance in the host galaxy, which is itself a luminous
system with evidence for rapid star formation.
We have obtained VLBI imaging observations in the 18cm continuum and
1667MHz OH maser line. The continuum shows a strong, unresolved nuclear
core with an extended, limb-brightened lobe extending about 30mas (26pc)
to the south, and a much fainter lobe 25mas (21pc) to the north. The
compact radio morphology places it among the Compact Symmetric Objects
(CSOs) in which radio emission originates from hot spots or lobes
symmetrically placed on sub-kpc scales about a central compact source.
It has been suggested that these sources are young, tau << 10(6) yr,
with the hot spots representing the working surface of a relativistic
jet upon the ambient medium. If the southern (primary) lobe/hot-spot in
Mrk 231 is confined by ram pressure, we estimate a lobe advance speed,
v_a 10(-4) c and an age for the jet/compact source, tau < 10(6) yr.
The OH 1667MHz emission is extended over a region of angular dimension
approximately 100 x 50 mas (85 x 43pc) and is probably the inner region
of the disk which is seen in CO emission (Bryant & Scoville 1996, Ap.J.,
457, 678) and HI absorption (Carilli, Wrobel & Ulvestad 1998, A.J., 115,
928). The radio continuum emission associated with this gaseous disk is
likely to be produced by a circumnuclear starburst; if this starburst
has a normal FIR-to-radio ratio, q = 2.34, then up to 2/3 of the
far-infrared continuum in Mrk 231 may come from star-formation. We
suggest that Mrk 231 is a nascent quasar (tau < 10(6) yr) emerging
from its dust-enshrouded starburst phase along the lines of the
evolutionary scenario suggested by Sanders et al.(1988, Ap.J., 325, 74).
| Title: |
| A Subkiloparsec Disk in Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| CARILLI, C. L.; WROBEL, J. M.; ULVESTAD, J. S. |
| Affiliation: |
| AC(National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box 0, Socorro, NM 87801; ccarilli@nrao.edu) |
| Journal: |
| The Astronomical Journal, Volume 115, Issue 3, pp. 928-937. |
| Publication Date: |
| 03/1998 |
| Origin: |
| AJ |
| AJ Keywords: |
| GALAXIES: ACTIVE, GALAXIES: ISM, GALAXIES: SEYFERT, GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES, RADIO EMISSION LINES |
| AJ/ApJ Keywords: |
| GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS, GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY, GALAXIES: STARBURST |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| The American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1998AJ....115..928C |
Abstract
We present imaging with the Very Long Baseline Array of the neutral
hydrogen 21 cm absorption-line system seen toward the nuclear regions of
Mrk 231 at z_&sun; = 0.04217, and imaging of the radio continuum
emission at 1.4 GHz on scales ranging from a few parsecs to a few
hundred parsecs. These data indicate the existence of a subkiloparsec
gas disk in Mrk 231, as seen in H i 21 cm absorption and in radio
continuum emission. The radio continuum morphology is consistent with a
disk of maximum radius of 440 mas (260 h^-1 pc), at an inclination angle
of 45 deg, with a major axis oriented east-west. The H i 21 cm
absorption shows an east-west gradient in position and velocity of about
+/-110 km s^-1 out to radii of 100 mas (60 h^-1 pc). We identify this H
i and radio continuum disk as the inner part of the molecular disk seen
on a factor of 3 larger scale. The physical conditions for the thermal
and nonthermal gas in the subkiloparsec disk of Mrk 231 are similar to
those proposed for compact nuclear starburst galaxies and, in
particular, to the conditions proposed for the subkiloparsec gas disk in
Arp 220. From the neutral hydrogen velocity field we derive a
gravitational mass enclosed within a 50 h^-1 pc radius of 3 x 10^8 h^-1
M_&sun;, and from the radio continuum emission we derive a massive star
formation rate in the disk of 60 M_&sun; yr^-1.
We also present a search for H i 21 cm absorption associated with the
optical broad absorption line (BAL) systems toward Mrk 231. We do not
detect H i 21 cm absorption associated with any of the optical BAL
systems. These negative results require that the neutral atomic gas in
the BAL clouds be fairly warm (spin temperature T_s > 50 K), unless the
Na i abundance is higher than solar, or the dust-to-gas ratio is higher
than Galactic, or the observed extinction toward the nucleus of Mrk 231
is not due to the BAL gas.
| Title: |
| The Two-Sided VLBI Source in the Seyfert Galaxy Mrk 231 |
| Authors: |
| ULVESTAD, J. S.; WROBEL, J. M.; CARILLI, C. L. |
| Affiliation: |
| National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM, USA |
| Journal: |
| Radio Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Compact Sources, ASP Conference Series, Volume 144, IAU Colloquium 164, eds. J.A. Zensus, G.B. Taylor, & J.M. Wrobel, p. 199. |
| Publication Date: |
| 00/1998 |
| Origin: |
| AUTHOR |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1998rege.conf..199U |
Abstract
The Seyfert 1/starburst/IR galaxy Mrk 231 (UGC 08058), at z=0.0422, has
been imaged with the VLBA at frequencies ranging from 1.4 GHz to 22 GHz.
The radio image shows a triple source of total size 50 mas (30h^{-1}
pc), with a self-absorbed central component and two detached lobes. The
northern lobe, located 12h^{-1} pc from the core, is free-free absorbed
at the lowest frequencies; there also seems to be free-free absorption
in the southern component. The linear scale over which this absorption
takes place is several times larger than that seen in NGC 1275/3C 84.
The axis of the 50-mas radio source is approximately 60 degrees from
the elongation of the central component on the 1-mas scale. The
spectrum of this central component becomes optically thin between 5 and
8.4 GHz, and resolves into a small triple source of size ~1.0h^{-1} pc
at 15 GHz. There is no hint of a jet or other structure directly
connecting this central component to the outer VLBI lobes.
| Title: |
| OSSE Observations of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Arp 220, Markarian 273, and Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| DERMER, C. D.; BLAND-HAWTHORN, J.; CHIANG, J.; MCNARON-BROWN, K. |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal Letters v.484, p.L121 |
| Publication Date: |
| 08/1997 |
| Origin: |
| APJ |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1997: The American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1997ApJ...484L.121D |
Abstract
We report results of soft gamma-ray observations of the ultraluminous
infrared galaxies Arp 220, Mrk 273, and Mrk 231 in order to test whether
the infrared radiation from these sources originates from buried active
galactic nuclei (AGNs). Only upper limits are measured, implying that
the emergent soft gamma-ray luminosities are 1--2 orders of magnitude
smaller than the infrared luminosities. Monte Carlo simulations of
radiation transport through tori are used to infer the minimum column
densities NH required to block transmission of soft gamma-rays from a
buried AGN, assuming that spectra of AGNs in such sources are similar to
those of radio-quiet quasars. Lack of measured gamma-ray emission
provides no supporting evidence for the existence of buried AGNs in
these galaxies, but is consistent with an origin of the infrared
luminosity from starburst activity.
| Title: |
| Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectroscopy of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| KRABBE, ALFRED; COLINA, LUIS; THATTE, NIRANJAN; KROKER, HARALD |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal v.476, p.98 |
| Publication Date: |
| 02/1997 |
| Origin: |
| APJ |
| ApJ Keywords: |
| GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: MARKARIAN 231, GALAXIES: ISM, GALAXIES: SEYFERT, GALAXIES: STRUCTURE, INFRARED: GALAXIES |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1997: The American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1997ApJ...476...98K |
Abstract
The ultraluminous infrared Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 231 has been spectrally
imaged in the K band with the new three-dimensional MPE integral field
spectrometer. The combined images of the H2 emission lines show, for the
first time in an ultraluminous infrared galaxy, the presence of an
extended circumnuclear structure of hot molecular gas. The H2 emitting
region has a size of ~2.4 kpc and a hot molecular gas mass M
^{{hot}}_{{H}_{2}} ~2 x 104 M&sun;. The H2 emission-line ratios indicate
that the gas is most likely thermally excited. If as in NGC 7469 star
formation is associated with the H2 emission, the starburst would have a
far-IR luminosity LFIR ~ 1 x 1012 L&sun;. This value represents an upper
limit, since a fraction of the hot molecular gas may be excited by the
radiation field emerging from the nucleus. The K-band three-dimensional
data cube also shows for the first time the presence of extended narrow
Pa alpha emission blueshifted by ~1400 km s-1 with respect to the
systemic velocity, and located ~0.6 kpc northwest of the nucleus. The
detection of CO absorption bands with a spatial distribution peaking on
the K-band continuum provides evidence for a central stellar
concentration. The low CO spectroscopic index indicates, however,
dilution by hot dust emission or by a nonthermal active galactic
nucleus. The Pa alpha /H alpha ratio confirms previous extinction
measurements based on Balmer line ratios, i.e., visual extinction of AV
~ 2.0--6.6 mag. The quasar-type nucleus of Mrk 231 should then be
transparent at 2 mu m and also in hard X-rays. A weak nuclear He I
lambda 2.058 mu m (He I/Pa alpha = 0.032) is detected, and no detection
of [Si VI] lambda 1.962 mu m is made, placing an upper limit of 4 x
10-18 Wm-2 for the coronal gas emission. The ionizing source could
either be a far-UV and X-ray quiet quasar or else a nuclear starburst
with an upper mass limit >=60 M&sun;.
| Title: |
| The nature of the ionizing source in Mrk 231, an ISO result |
| Authors: |
| RIGOPOULOU, DIMITRA |
| Affiliation: |
| Imperial College, London, Astrophysics Group, Blackett laboratory, ICSTM, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, U.K. |
| Journal: |
| Presented at International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 184. The Central Regions of the Galaxy and Galaxies. Kyoto, Japan, 17-30 August, 1997. |
| Publication Date: |
| 00/1997 |
| Origin: |
| AUTHOR |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1997IAUS..184E..73R |
Abstract
We report on ISO spectroscopic observations of the ultraluminous galaxy
MRK 231. Due to large amounts of dust obscuration a reliable assessment
of the source of luminosity at near-infrared wavelengths has always
been difficult. Observations of mid-infrared lines penetrate deep into
the highly obscured regions where the luminosity originates and give
clues to the source(s) of excitation. The small line to continuum
ratios seen with ISO, the warm IRAS 25/60 colors and the absence of
high excitation emission lines, indicate that the active nucleus in MRK
231 is highly obscured by large amounts of dust. Based on these
findings we constrain the properties of MRK 231's source of
luminosity.
| Title: |
| The Two-Sided VLBI Source in Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| ULVESTAD, J. S.; WROBEL, J. M. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(JPL/Caltech), AB(NRAO) |
| Journal: |
| American Astronomical Society Meeting, 188, #05.02 |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1996 |
| Origin: |
| AAS |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1996: American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1996AAS...188.0502U |
Abstract
Mrk 231 is a dusty Seyfert 1/starburst galaxy at a redshift of 0.0422,
having an extremely high infrared luminosity of about 2x 10(12) L_sun.
Optical images reveal a variety of extranuclear features suggesting that
Mrk 231 underwent a galaxy merger about 10(8) years ago. We have now
imaged the nucleus of Mrk 231, using the VLBA at wavelengths of 6, 13,
and 22 cm to achieve resolutions ranging from 1.5 to 8 milliarcsec. The
galaxy shows a two-sided radio source approximately 50 milliarcsec in
extent, corresponding to a linear diameter of 30 h(-1) pc. The triple
radio source is aligned nearly North-South, in good agreement with the
position angle of the radio structure on scales of tens of arcseconds,
but in contrast with the nearly East-West alignment of the core at
1-milliarcsec resolution. The strong, nearly unresolved central
component (40--120 mJy) has an inverted spectrum, implying that it is
the active nucleus of the galaxy. However, images tapered to the same
resolution at each of the three observing frequencies reveal that the
northern component (1--2 mJy) also has an inverted spectrum. This
component, located 12 h(-1) pc from the core, has a spectral index of
alpha ~ +1.8 (S_nu ~ nu (+alpha ) ) between 22 and 13 cm; the spectrum
flattens out between 13 and 6 cm. This implies that the northern
component is probably free-free absorbed in a manner similar to the
northern component in the radio galaxy 3C 84. Assuming that the
absorption takes place in narrow-line clouds with a temperature near
10,000 K, the inferred emission measure, at a distance of 12 h(-1) pc
from the Mrk 231 nucleus, is approximately 10(7) cm(-6) pc.
| Title: |
| High-Resolution CO Observations of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| BRYANT, P. M.; SCOVILLE, N. Z. |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal v.457, p.678 |
| Publication Date: |
| 02/1996 |
| Origin: |
| APJ |
| ApJ Keywords: |
| GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: MARKARIAN 231, GALAXIES: ISM, GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS, ISM: MOLECULES |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1996ApJ...457..678B |
Abstract
| Title: |
| Echelle Spectroscopy of the Na i D Absorption-Line Systems of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| FORSTER, KARL; RICH, R. MICHAEL; MCCARTHY, JAMES K. |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal v.450, p.74 |
| Publication Date: |
| 09/1995 |
| Origin: |
| APJ; KNUDSEN |
| ApJ Keywords: |
| GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: MARKARIAN 231, GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS, GALAXIES: NUCLEI |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1995ApJ...450...74F |
Abstract
| Title: |
| The polarization and ultraviolet spectrum of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| SMITH, PAUL S.; SCHMIDT, GARY D.; ALLEN, RICHARD G.; ANGEL, J. R. P. |
| Affiliation: |
| AAUniversity of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, US ABUniversity of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, US ACUniversity of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, US ADUniversity of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, US |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 444, no. 1, p. 146-156 |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1995 |
| Category: |
| Astronomy |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTRONOMICAL POLARIMETRY, POLARIZATION (WAVES), POLARIZED RADIATION, SEYFERT GALAXIES, ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY, ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA, ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, DILUTION, ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORPTION, EMISSION SPECTRA, HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE, LIGHT SCATTERING |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1995ApJ...444..146S |
Abstract
Ultraviolet spectropolarimetry acquired with the Hubble Space Telescope
(HST) of the peculiar Seyfert galaxy Mrk 231 is combined with new
high-quality ground-based measurements to provide the first, nearly
complete, record of its linear polarization from 1575 to 7900 A. The
accompanying ultraviolet spectrum portrays the heavily extinguished
emission-line spectrum of the active nucleus plus the emergence of a
blue continuum shortward of approximately 2400 A. In addition,
absorption features due to He I lambda 3188, Mg I lambda 2853, Mg II
lambda 2798, and especially several resonance multiplets of Fe II are
identified with a well-known optical absorption system blueshifted
approximately 4600 km/s with respect to emission lines. The continuum is
attributed to approximately 10(exp 5) hot, young stars surrounding the
nucleus. This component dilutes the polarized nuclear light, implying
that the intrinsic polarization of the active galactic nucleus (AGN)
spectrum approaches 20% at 2800 A. The rapid decline in degree of
polarization toward longer wavelengths is best explained by the strongly
frequency-dependent scattering cross section of dust grains coupled with
modest starlight dilution. Peculiar S-shaped inflections in both the
degree and position angle of polarization through H alpha and other
major emission lines are interpreted as effects of scattering from two
regions offset in velocity by several hundred km/s. A third source of
(weakly) polarized flux is required to explain a nearly 40 deg rotation
in position angle between 3200 and 1800 A. The displaced absorption
features, polarimetry, and optical/infrared properties of Mrk 231 all
point to its classification as a low-ionization, or Mg II broad
absorption line quasar, in which most, if not all, lines of sight to the
active nucleus are heavily obscured by dust and low-ionization gas
clouds.
| Title: |
| Near-infrared imaging of Markarian 231: Evidence for a double nucleus |
| Authors: |
| ARMUS, L.; SURACE, J. A.; SOIFER, B. T.; MATTHEWS, K.; GRAHAM, J. R.; LARKIN, J. E. |
| Affiliation: |
| AACalifornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US ABUniv. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US ACCalifornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US ADCalifornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US AEUniv. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US AFCalifornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US |
| Journal: |
| The Astronomical Journal, vol. 108, no. 1, p. 76-83 |
| Publication Date: |
| 07/1994 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| INFRARED ASTRONOMY, MARKARIAN GALAXIES, SEYFERT GALAXIES, SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION, STAR FORMATION, GALACTIC NUCLEI, NEAR INFRARED RADIATION |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1994AJ....108...76A |
Abstract
Near-infrared (1.2-2.4 micrometers) images are presented for the central
10 arcsec of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 231. We find a faint, but
intrinsically luminous (M(sub k) approximately -20.7) secondary peak in
the near-infrared light distribution approximately 3.5 arcsec (2.7 kpc)
south of the primary Seyfert 1 nucleus. Since there is no optical or
infrared evidence for ongoing star formation at the location of this
secondary peak, and its near-infrared luminosity and color are
comparable to slightly reddened spiral bulges or elliptical nuclei, we
identify this peak with the stripped nucleus of the companion galaxy
involved in the Mrk 231 merger event. Depending upon the exact ratio of
the masses of the primary and secondary nucleus in the Mrk 231 system we
estimate a merger time scale of less than or equal to 10(exp 9) yr. The
morphology of the southern nucleus suggests that it may have recently
survived a close passage (r less than 200 pc) with the Seyfert 1 nucleus
on a highly elliptical orbit, in which case the merger time scale may be
significantly shorter (approximately 10(exp 7) yr. We re-calculate the
average merger time scale for the seven ultraluminous infrared galaxies
with double nuclei in the Bright Galaxy Sample (the BGS) of Soifer et
al. (AJ, 98, 766 (1989)) and derive a value of approximately 10(exp 8)
yr. Since seven of ten of the ultraluminous infrared galaxies in the BGS
are now known to be double, we estimate the ultraluminous 'phase' may be
close to this value. Along with Arp 220 and Mrk 273, Mrk 231 is the
third member of the class to possess a high brightness temperature
non-thermal radio core and a double nucleus, suggesting the time scale
for the generation or fueling of the active nucleus can be much less
than the dynamical time scale for the merger of the progenitor nuclei.
| Title: |
| Galaxies with extreme infrared and Fe II emission. 1: Markarian 231: The signature of a young infrared QSO |
| Authors: |
| LIPARI, SEBASTIAN; COLINA, LUIS; MACCHETTO, F. |
| Affiliation: |
| AASpace Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US ABUniv. Autonoma, Madrid, Spain ACSpace Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 427, no. 1, p. 174-183 |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1994 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, DATA REDUCTION, ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES, LIGHT (VISIBLE RADIATION), QUASARS, RADIO EMISSION, SPECTROSCOPY, STAR FORMATION, ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA, ABSORPTION SPECTRA, CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES, EMISSION SPECTRA, HUBBLE CONSTANT, IUE, LUMINOSITY, SPATIAL RESOLUTION, STELLAR WINDS, TELESCOPES |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1994ApJ...427..174L |
Abstract
We investigate the ultraluminous IR Galaxy/QSO Mrk 231 by means of
long-slit optical spectroscopy, high spatial resolution broad-band
optical imaging and UV International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra.
The spectrum shows an extreme Fe II optical emission (Fe II(sub OPT)/H
beta approx. equals 8), broad Balmer and Na ID lines, weak
high-excitation lines, double-peaked optical narrow emission lines with
velocity differences of about 1000 km s(exp -1), a steep UV spectrum,
and a weak Ly alpha line. These spectral features are explained 'mainly'
by the presence of nuclear and circumnuclear starbursts. The high
spatial resolution broad-band images show details of two interesting
blue circumnuclear subregions, in particular: (1) a blue region 2 sec-5
sec west of the nucleus; and (2) a blue arc 'horseshoe' at approx. 3.5
sec S. In 'region I' circumnuclear star-forming region located at
approx. 2 sec-5 sec to the west from the nucleus) we detect an
emission-line system (E0) with a velocity (V(sub E0) = 7941 +/- 80 km
s(exp -1)) similar to that of the nuclear system Broad Absorption Line
(BAL)1 V(sub BAL1) approx. 7800 km/s), the strongest of the three broad
absorption-line systems. Moreover, in this region we also detect the
probable presence of this BAL1 system (V(sub NaID) = 7840 +/- 120 km
s(exp -1)). Consequently, Mrk 231 is the first candidate where a direct
link, at least kinematical, between a star-formation process and the BAL
phenomenon is observed. We discuss physical, kinematic and morphological
evidence of a strong nuclear and circumnuclear starburst (with
superwind/superbubble and supernova of Type II), in Mrk 231. These
results and studies are consistent with a scenario where this
ultraluminous IR galaxy has a composite nature inthe nuclear region,
which is the consequence of the final phases of an ongoing merger
process. The starburst is the dominant source of nuclear energy and the
nonthermal active galactic nuclei remains strongly obscured. We also
discuss the extreme properties of Mrk 231 as the probable
characteristics/signature typical of a young IR QSO.
| Title: |
| Ultraviolet Spectropolarimetry of Mrk 231 |
| Authors: |
| SMITH, P. S.; SCHMIDT, G. D.; ALLEN, R. G. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Steward Observatory) |
| Journal: |
| American Astronomical Society Meeting, 184, #64.05 |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1994 |
| Origin: |
| AAS |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1994: American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1994AAS...184.6405S |
Abstract
We present Hubble Space Telescope observations of the peculiar Seyfert 1
galaxy Mrk 231. Ultraviolet (1600--3300 Angstroms ) linear
spectropolarimetric measurements of the object's nuclear region were
obtained using the Faint Object Spectrograph. New ground-based, high
signal-to-noise ratio optical spectropolarimetry is also presented. Both
the degree and position angle of the UV continuum polarization redward
of the Mg II emission line are comparable to the values observed at the
shortest wavelengths accessible to ground-based instruments (P ~ 15%;
theta ~ 90(deg) ). However, from the peak of the redshifted Mg II
emission line through its P-Cygni-like absorption feature, the
polarization is depressed to half that level (similar to the decrease in
P seen in the blue wing of Halpha ). By ~ 2700 Angstroms (observed
frame) the polarization recovers to about 17% but then falls rapidly at
shorter wavelengths. In fact, for lambda < 1800 Angstroms the object
is essentially unpolarized.
The complex wavelength dependence of the UV polarization is evidence
that light from a young stellar population (presumably located around
the active nucleus) dilutes the polarization from the highly reddened
AGN. Unreddened starlight that dominates the flux at wavelengths shorter
than about 2400 Angstroms also explains the abrupt change in the
spectral slope seen in this part of the spectrum. Decomposition of the
AGN and stellar components to the total flux indicates that the
intrinsic polarization of the AGN light exceeds 20% in the UV. In
addition, evidence from optical polarimetry that there is more than one
scattering cloud producing the observed polarization in Mrk 231 is
supported by the fact that theta rotates from 90(deg) to 130(deg)
between 3300 and 1800 Angstroms .
This research is supported by NASA grant NAG 5--1630 and NSF grant AST
91--14087.
| Title: |
| Near-Infrared Observations of the Double Nucleus in Mrk 231 |
| Authors: |
| ARMUS, L.; SURACE, J. A.; SOIFER, B. T.; MATTHEWS, K.; NEUGEBAUER, G.; LARKIN, J. E. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Caltech), AB(U. Hawaii), AC(Caltech) |
| Journal: |
| American Astronomical Society Meeting, 183, #46.07 |
| Publication Date: |
| 12/1993 |
| Origin: |
| AAS |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1993: American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1993AAS...183.4607A |
Abstract
We present new near-infrared images in the J, H, and K-band atmospheric
windows of the ultraluminous Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 231. These
images show the presence of a faint (K ~15.8 mag), yet intrinsically
very luminous (M ~ -20.4 mag) secondary peak in the light distribution
approximately 3.5 arcseconds, or 2.7 kpc, south of the Seyfert 1
nucleus. The near-infrared luminosity and colors of this peak suggest
it is the remnant nucleus of the companion galaxy to Mrk 231, which,
through an interaction and subsequent merger, has produced the large
scale morphological distortions and fueled the Seyfert 1 nucleus. In
addition, we find extended, warm dust emission surrounding the Seyfert 1
nucleus on scales of 1-3 kpc, suggesting a local heat source which we
identify as a circumnuclear starburst.
| Title: |
| THE NATURE OF THE MILLIMETRE EMISSION IN NGC4102 NGC4418 NGC6000 AND MARKARIAN:231 |
| Authors: |
| ROCHE, P.F.; CHANDLER, C.J. |
| Journal: |
| R.A.S. MONTHLY NOTICES V.265, NO. 2/NOV15, P. 486, 1993 |
| Publication Date: |
| 11/1993 |
| Origin: |
| KNUDSEN; NED |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1993MNRAS.265..486R |
Abstract
Millimetre and submillimetre photometry of four galaxies with bright
compact infrared nuclei is presented. The two galaxies with starburst
nuclei have 60 micron-1 mm spectra well fitted by isothermal emission
from cool (~35 K) dust grains with a v^2^ emissivity dependence and no
evidence of emission from a much colder dust component. Non-thermal
nuclear emission and free-free emission arising from the nuclear H II
regions become significant at wavelengths longer than 1 mm, where they
can make a measurable contribution to the flux. The Seyfert galaxy Mrk
231 shows clear excess emission beyond 1 mm above the dust continuum
fitted to the far-infrared and submillimetre photometry. This component
has a flux level that is consistent with an extrapolation of the radio
spectrum attributed to synchrotron emission. The data on the heavily
obscured nucleus of NGC 4418 are more ambiguous. Adequate
representations of the far-infrared to millimetre dust emission can be
obtained with a dust emissivity dependence of between v and v^2^,
depending upon the dust opacity adopted at far-infrared wavelengths. The
photometry shows a weak excess above the dust continuum at wavelengths
beyond 1300 microns, which can partially be accounted for by an
extrapolation of the radio spectrum; the residual excess may be due to
free-free emission. By equating the sizes of the dust emission regions
to those of the compact radio cores in these galaxies, fits to the dust
emission spectra are obtained that are optically thick at mid- and
far-infrared wavelengths in Mrk 231 and NGC 4418, but which are in
approximate agreement with the extinction estimated from the 9.7-micron
silicate absorption features. While there is no evidence of emission
from a cold (<20 K) dust component in any of these galaxies, the
uncertainties in the source size and the dust opacity law at long
wavelengths limit the accuracy with which the dominant cool dust
components can be described.
| Title: |
| Near-infrared imaging of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| KODAIRA, KEIICHI; OHTA, KOUJI; UENO, MUNEKATA |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Japan) AB(Kyoto Univ., Japan) AC(Tokyo Univ., Japan) |
| Journal: |
| PASJ: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (ISSN 0004-6264), vol. 44, no. 6, p. L247-L251. |
| Publication Date: |
| 12/1992 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| INFRARED ASTRONOMY, MARKARIAN GALAXIES, SEYFERT GALAXIES, SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION, STAR FORMATION, GALACTIC NUCLEI, NEAR INFRARED RADIATION |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1992PASJ...44L.247K |
Abstract
The initial results of near-infrared imaging observations with a PtSi
camera developed at NAOJ are presented for the central region of a
Seyfert type-l galaxy, Mrk 231. The J-, H-, and K-band images show the
compact nucleus unresolved; their comparison with model images provides
us with upper limits of the brightness of its blue subcomponent relative
to the nucleus: Delta J greater than about 7.1, Delta H greater than
4.6, and Delta K greater than 6.5. This strong constraint in the J band,
in combination with published data for the U band, suggests that the
subcomponent may be a giant star-forming region of M(U) about -18 and
about 10 exp 8 solar masses concentrated within a region of about 2 kpc
across. In FUV observations of Mrk 231, its flux might be dominated by
the emission from this blue object, rather than by that from the heavily
obscured nucleus, itself.
| Title: |
| Absorption line variability in Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| KOLLATSCHNY, W.; DIETRICH, M.; HAGEN, H. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(Universitaets-Sternwarte, Goettingen, Germany) AC(Hamburger Sternwarte, Hamburg, Germany) |
| Journal: |
| Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 264, no. 1, p. L5-L8. |
| Publication Date: |
| 10/1992 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ABSORPTION SPECTRA, MARKARIAN GALAXIES, SEYFERT GALAXIES, LIGHT CURVE, RED SHIFT, SODIUM |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1992A&A...264L...5K |
Abstract
We present optical spectra of Mkn231 for three different epochs. Through
comparison with spectra from the literature of the last 15 years, we
have determined a variability lightcurve for one of the three nonstellar
NaD absorption components, namely the one having the highest relative
velocity of 8000 km/s with respect to the systemic velocity. The other
NaD absorption components and the continuum flux remained constant
during the last 10 years. The amplitude of the variable absorption
component shows a FWHM of 2500 days. From this value we derive an upper
limit of 8 light days for the extension of the central continuum source
in Mkn231 or a lifetime of 10 years for the varying absorption line
cloud.
| Title: |
| Mid-infrared imaging of Markarian 231 and Arp 220 |
| Authors: |
| KETO, ERIC; BALL, ROGER; ARENS, JOHN; JERNIGAN, GARRETT; MEIXNER, MARGARET |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(NASA, Infrared Telescope Facility, Mauna Kea, HI; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA) AB(NASA, Infrared Telescope Facility, Mauna Kea, HI; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore; California, University, Berkeley) AC(NASA, Infrared Telescope Facility, Mauna Kea, HI; California, University, Berkeley) AD(California, University, Berkeley) AE(NASA, Infrared Telescope Facility, Mauna Kea, HI; California, University, Berkeley) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 387, March 1, 1992, p. L17-L19. |
| Publication Date: |
| 03/1992 |
| Category: |
| Astronomy |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| GALACTIC NUCLEI, INFRARED IMAGERY, MARKARIAN GALAXIES, QUASARS, SEYFERT GALAXIES, ABSORPTION SPECTRA, ANGULAR RESOLUTION, FAR INFRARED RADIATION, INTERSTELLAR GAS, RADIO EMISSION |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1992ApJ...387L..17K |
Abstract
High angular resolution observations of Arp 220 and Mrk 231 provide
images of the nuclei and show that the source of the strong mid-IR
emission is confined to regions less than about 0.5 arcsec or 400 pc in
diameter in Mrk 231 and less than 1.5 arcsec x 0.9 arcsec or 320 x 530
pc in Arp 220. If much of the far-IR emission also derives from such a
small region, the implied radiation densities are quite high, equivalent
to one O star per cu pc. Although in normal galaxies the near-IR traces
an older population of evolved, cool stars, such high radiation
densities in the IR bright galaxies suggest the possibility that the
spatial correlation observed between the near-IR, mid-IR, and radio may
hold because emission in all three bands is associated with hot
interstellar gas and dust.
| Title: |
| A SHADOW OVER THE FACE OF MARKARIAN:231 |
| Journal: |
| SKY AND TELESCOPE V. 82, NO. 1/JUL, P. 9, 1991 |
| Publication Date: |
| 07/1991 |
| Origin: |
| KNUDSEN |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1991S&T....82S...9. |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| The appearance of a new redshift system in Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| BOROSON, TODD A.; MEYERS, KARIE A.; MORRIS, SIMON L.; PERSSON, S. E. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, AZ) AD(Observatories of the Carnegie Institution, Pasadena, CA) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 370, March 20, 1991, p. L19-L21. |
| Publication Date: |
| 03/1991 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, MARKARIAN GALAXIES, RED SHIFT, ABSORPTION SPECTRA, ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1991ApJ...370L..19B |
Abstract
Spectroscopic observations made in 1988 of Markarian 231 show that a new
absorption redshift system has appeared. This system is seen in the Na I
D lines and the He I 3889 line. Its redshift is 4660 km/s, which is 8240
km/s less than the systemic velocity. These lines were not present in
any published spectra obtained through December 1984. This is an
extremely dramatic case of variation in the spectrum of a broad
absorption line AGN. Unlike other cases of variation which have been
interpreted as due to changes in ionization of the absorbing cloud, the
new system is more readily explained as the motion of a cloud with some
transverse velocity into the line of sight.
| Title: |
| HCN Emission from Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| SOLOMON, P.; BARRETT, J.; RADFORD, S.; DOWNES, D.; SAGE, L. |
| Journal: |
| IAU Circ., 5027, 3 (1990). Edited by Green, D. W. E. |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1990 |
| Origin: |
| CBAT |
| Objects: |
| Mkn 231 |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1990IAUC.5027....3S |
Abstract
IAUC 5027 available courtesy of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams.
IAUC 5027 available courtesy of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams.
| Title: |
| TRIGGERING QUASARS / IRAS:00275-2859 / PG:1613+65 / MARKARIAN:231 |
| Journal: |
| SKY AND TELESCOPE V. 75, NO. 3/MAR, P.247, 1988 |
| Publication Date: |
| 03/1988 |
| Origin: |
| KNUDSEN |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1988S&T....75V.247. |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| The X-ray properties of two galaxies with high far-infrared luminosities - Arp 220 and Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| EALES, S. A.; ARNAUD, K. A. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Hawaii, University, Honolulu) AB(Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 324, Jan. 1, 1988, p. 193-197. |
| Publication Date: |
| 01/1988 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, FAR INFRARED RADIATION, GALACTIC STRUCTURE, MARKARIAN GALAXIES, X RAY SOURCES, ABSORPTION SPECTRA, EMISSION SPECTRA |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1988ApJ...324..193E |
Abstract
The Einstein X-ray data for the two luminous infrared galaxies, Arp 220
and Markarian 231 have been analyzed. There is an X-ray source about 1
arcmin from the position of Arp 220 that is probably associated with it.
Mrk 231 was not detected. The size of the source and its soft X-ray
spectrum implies that the bulk of the X-ray emission from Arp 220 cannot
be coming from the obscured active nucleus at the galaxy's center. The
absence of strong X-ray emission from the active nuclei in Arp 220 and
Mrk 231 suggests that there must be more line-of-sight absorption to the
active nuclei than is inferred from many of the absorption indicators
available.
| Title: |
| The host galaxy of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| HAMILTON, DONALD; KEEL, WILLIAM C. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(National Optical Astronomy Observatories, Tucson, AZ) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 321, Oct. 1, 1987, p. 211-224. |
| Publication Date: |
| 10/1987 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| GALACTIC STRUCTURE, H ALPHA LINE, IONIZED GASES, MARKARIAN GALAXIES, STAR FORMATION, UBV SPECTRA, ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, GALACTIC NUCLEI, INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION, SPECTRAL LINE WIDTH |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1987ApJ...321..211H |
Abstract
Digital images and spectra of the host galaxy of Markarian 231 are
presented. Its morphology does not fall within standard classification
schemes, but suggests a merger or other violent dynamical disturbance.
Spectral features from a young stellar population and ionized gas are
present, and the stellar population is younger than normally found in
high-luminosity galaxies of any type. H II region-like emission is found
only in one area; spectroscopic data suggest a sudden, galaxy-wide
cutoff in star formation or show a less extreme, but unusually young,
stellar population. A spatially resolved narrow-line region has been
identified, of unusually low density and extent about 10 kpc. Gas
further out in the galaxy is contiguous with this narrow-line region and
appears to be ionized by the nuclear continuum (or possible shocks), but
is of such low ionization that the extinction on nearly all lines of
sight must be comparable to that presently observed; that is, the clouds
responsible for reddening the nuclear continuum have a covering factor
near unity.
| Title: |
| The size of Mrk 231 at 10 microns |
| Authors: |
| MATTHEWS, K.; NEUGEBAUER, G.; MCGILL, J.; SOIFER, B. T. |
| Affiliation: |
| AD(Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA) |
| Journal: |
| Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), vol. 94, Aug. 1987, p. 297-299. NSF-supported research. |
| Publication Date: |
| 08/1987 |
| Category: |
| Astronomy |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTROMETRY, ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, QUASARS, RADIO SPECTRA, SEYFERT GALAXIES, SPATIAL RESOLUTION, GALACTIC EVOLUTION, GALACTIC NUCLEI, SIZE (DIMENSIONS), SPECTRUM ANALYSIS |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1987AJ.....94..297M |
Abstract
A new technique is demonstrated for using the signal from a source at a
wavelength where it is strong to assist in determining its size at
another wavelength. Observations of the size of the nucleus of Mrk 231
at 10 microns are consistent with a picture of a single luminosity
source, perhaps obscured by dust. The variation with wavelength of the
emissivity of the grains is constrained to be less than (wavelength) -
1. The measurements are inconsistent with Mrk 231 being a starburst
galaxy with a luminosity density similar to that of M82.
| Title: |
| High-resolution surface photometry of Markarian 231 in the U band |
| Authors: |
| KODAIRA, K.; OKAMURA, S.; STOCKTON, A. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Japan) AC(Hawaii, University, Honolulu) |
| Journal: |
| Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280), vol. 99, May 1987, p. 375-379. |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1987 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, SEYFERT GALAXIES, SURFACE PROPERTIES, ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA, ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOMETRY, GALACTIC STRUCTURE |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1987PASP...99..375K |
Abstract
Surface photometry of Markarian 231 has been obtained from
high-resolution plates in the U band. The nuclear region is found to
show a clear two-component structure. The two-dimensional luminosity
distribution has been decomposed into the two nuclear components and the
main body, and characteristic parameters have been derived for each
component. The results of the present study suggest that the host galaxy
of Mrk 231 is not a giant elliptical galaxy in the process of
assimilating an irregular or late-type spiral galaxy, but a giant spiral
galaxy disturbed by the tidal interaction.
| Title: |
| Detection of CO(1-0) emission and optical imaging of the Seyfert galaxy/QSO Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| SANDERS, D. B.; SCOVILLE, N. Z.; SOIFER, B. T.; YOUNG, J. S.; DANIELSON, G. E. |
| Affiliation: |
| AC(Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA) AD(Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory, Amherst, MA) AE(Palomar Observatory; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 312, Jan. 1, 1987, p. L5-L9. |
| Publication Date: |
| 01/1987 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| CARBON MONOXIDE, GALACTIC RADIATION, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, SEYFERT GALAXIES, CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES, EMISSION SPECTRA, GALACTIC STRUCTURE, INTERSTELLAR GAS, STARBURST GALAXIES |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1987ApJ...312L...5S |
Abstract
The detection of CO(J = 1-0) emission and optical imaging of the
luminous infrared galaxy Markarian 231 are reported. The galaxy is
extremely rich in molecular gas with MT(H2) approximately equal to 1.4 x
10 to the 10th solar masses, approximately 5 times the molecular gas
content of the Galaxy. Markarian 231 is the most luminous object in the
local universe (z approximately equal to or less than 0.1), with a
far-infrared luminosity (lambda = 40-400 microns) of 2.1 x 10 to the
12th solar luminosities. THe CO detection yields a L(FIR)/M(H2) ratio of
150. A deep optical CCD image shows two striking tidal tails with total
extent of about 75 kpc. The CCD image strongly suggests that Markarian
231 is an advanced merger system. If the molecular gas is highly
concentrated in the nuclear region it may fuel an intense starburst and
possibly feed the accretion onto an embedded QSO. The trigger for the
intense activity observed in Markarian 231 appears to be the collision
of two gas-rich spiral galaxies.
| Title: |
| Morphology and nuclear spectroscopy of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| HUTCHINGS, J. B.; NEFF, S. G. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, Canada) AB(NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD) |
| Journal: |
| Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), vol. 93, Jan. 1987, p. 14-21. |
| Publication Date: |
| 01/1987 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, GALACTIC NUCLEI, IUE, SEYFERT GALAXIES, ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA, ABSORPTION SPECTRA, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, LINE SPECTRA, MORPHOLOGY, VERY LONG BASE INTERFEROMETRY |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1987AJ.....93...14H |
Abstract
Deep optical imaging of Mkn 231 reveals twin (tidal?) tails, a linear
nuclear feature at green wavelengths, and a very blue region 4 arcsec
south of the nucleus. Much of the central part of the galaxy is red, but
there are complex areas of blue luminosity outside this, and a sharp
edge to the luminosity at a distance of about 16 arcsec from the center.
Overall, the host galaxy appears to have a normal optical luminosity and
blue color (B-R = about 0.7) despite being one of the most luminous
galaxies known in the IR. Radio emission in the system is extended on
one side on a scale similar to the optical tails, but shows no detailed
correspondence with optical structure; in particular, there is no radio
counterpart to the optical 'jet'. Examination of IUE archival data
indicates that the UV flux is very weak and the UV spectrum is peculiar
for a Seyfert galaxy. The UV observations provide evidence for
considerable nuclear extinction in the system, in accordance with
previously published optical and IR work, but the UV extinction is
unlike Galactic absorption and may be more similar to that seen in the
LMC. Recent optical spectra of Mkn 231 show changes in both the
emission-line spectrum and in the strong broad absorption lines (BAL),
compared with previously published observations. It is suggested that
Mkn 231 may be a recently merged system which is currently undergoing
star formation. The connection with BAL QSOs is also discussed.
| Title: |
| Morphology and spectroscopy of Markarian 231. |
| Authors: |
| HUTCHINGS, J. B.; NEFF, S. G. |
| Journal: |
| Proceedings of the 121st symposium of the IAU held in Byurakan, Armenia, USSR, june 3-7, 1986 Ed. by Khachikian E.Y., Fricke K.J., Melnick J., 399-401 (1987) |
| Publication Date: |
| 00/1987 |
| Origin: |
| SIMBAD |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1987IAUS..121..399H |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| Sub-arc-second 10 mu.m observations of the Seyfert galaxy Mrk 231. |
| Authors: |
| NEUGEBAUER, G.; MATTHEWS, K.; MCGILL, J.; SOIFER, B. T. |
| Journal: |
| Bull. American Astron. Soc., 18, 1001 (1986) |
| Publication Date: |
| 00/1986 |
| Origin: |
| SIMBAD |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1986BAAS...18.1001N |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| ERRATUM - THE OPTICAL VARIABILITY OF TWO SEYFERT GALAXIES - ARAKELIAN:120 AND MARKARIAN:231 |
| Authors: |
| MILLER, H.R. |
| Journal: |
| ASTRON. AND ASTROPHYS. SUPPL. V.59, NO. 2/FEB, P. 367, 1985 |
| Publication Date: |
| 02/1985 |
| Origin: |
| KNUDSEN |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1985A&AS...59..367M |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| Echelle spectroscopy of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| RUDY, R. J.; STOCKE, J. T.; FOLTZ, C. B. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(Steward Observatory, Tucson, AZ) AC(Steward Observatory, Tucson, AZ; Illinois, University, Urbana, IL) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 288, Jan. 15, 1985, p. 531-534. Research supported by the University of Illinois. |
| Publication Date: |
| 01/1985 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, D LINES, SEYFERT GALAXIES, ABSORPTION SPECTRA, EMISSION SPECTRA, HYDROGEN, SPIRAL GALAXIES |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1985ApJ...288..531R |
Abstract
High-resolution (about 10 km/s) echelle spectroscopy of the sodium D
lines of absorption-line systems I and II, present in the spectrum of
the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 231, is presented. The features show the
shape, displacement, and extent in velocity space characteristics of
broad absorption-line QSOs (BAL QSOs). The nature of the absorption
features indicates that the BAL QSO mechanism which accelerates the gas
in high-luminosity objects is operating in Mrk 231. Since the host
galaxy of Mrk 231 is not highly inclined to the line of sight, the BAL
QSO phenomenon is not restricted solely to galaxies with edge-on
orientations. It is shown that the absorbing gas contains both H II
regions which give rise to the He I lambda 3889 feature and neutral
zones where the Na(0) and Ca(+) absorptions originate. From the He I,
Na(0), and Ca(+) absorptions, a density of about 1000, a column density
of about 10 to the 22nd, and a distance from the nucleus of more than
150 pc for that gas are calculated.
| Title: |
| The luminous host galaxy and anomalous Brackett-gamma line of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| CUTRI, R. M.; RIEKE, G. H.; LEBOFSKY, M. J. |
| Affiliation: |
| AC(Steward Observatory, Tucson, AZ) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 287, Dec. 15, 1984, p. 566-570. NSF-supported research. |
| Publication Date: |
| 12/1984 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, GALACTIC STRUCTURE, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, LUMINOSITY, SEYFERT GALAXIES, ELECTRON DENSITY (CONCENTRATION), ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES, FOURIER TRANSFORMATION, H ALPHA LINE, INFRARED SPECTRA, LYMAN SPECTRA, NEAR INFRARED RADIATION, STELLAR EVOLUTION |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1984ApJ...287..566C |
Abstract
New infrared observations have been made of the Seyfert galaxy Markarian
231. Multiaperture photometry reveals that the underlying galaxy is
extremely luminous, with M(K) = -24.7. This implies that the Seyfert
nucleus likely resides in a giant elliptical galaxy, or possibly in a
galaxy which is undergoing a massive starburst. The strengths of the
Paschen-alpha and Brackett-gamma lines of hydrogen have been measured
using Fourier transform spectroscopy. An anomalously large
Pa-alpha/Br-gamma ratio may imply that the electron density in the broad
line clouds in Mrk 231 is much higher than that typically quoted for the
broad-line regions of other active galaxies. The possible origin of the
exceptional activity and the unusual spectroscopic properties in the
nucleus of Mrk 231 are examined in the context of the nature of the host
galaxy.
| Title: |
| Dust in the nuclei of the Seyfert galaxies Markarian 231 and NGC 4151 |
| Authors: |
| JONES, B.; WORRALL, D. M.; RODRIGUEZ-ESPINOSA, J. M.; STEIN, W. A.; GILLETT, F. C. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Hawaii, University, Mauna Kea, HI; California, University, La Jolla, CA) AC(California, University, La Jolla, CA) AD(Minnesota, University, Minneapolis, MN) AE(Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, AZ) |
| Journal: |
| Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280), vol. 96, Sept. 1984, p. 692-698. NSF-supported research. |
| Publication Date: |
| 09/1984 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| COSMIC DUST, GALACTIC NUCLEI, INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION, SEYFERT GALAXIES, H II REGIONS, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, INTERSTELLAR MATTER |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1984PASP...96..692J |
Abstract
Observations carried out with a 8-13 micron grating-spectrometer of Mrk
231 and NGC 4151 are reported. The Mrk 231 data can be fitted to various
thermal dust emission models or a single power law, with dust
extinction. In all the model fits, except for that of graphite and
silicon carbide grain emission, a component of silicate absorption of
optical depth of not more than 0.7 is required. Confirming published
work, the absorption being at the redshift of the low-redshift
absorption-line system is ruled out. The high values of silicate optical
depth absorption do not give ratios to the galaxy's visual extinction
which are comparable to those of galactic H II regions. Weak evidence
for a 10-micron absorption feature in NGC 4151 is also reported. This is
somewhat contrary to expectation, since the visual extinction of NGC
4151 is lower than that of Mrk 231, and since there is evidence to
support a nonthermal rather than thermal dust origin for the infrared
continuum emission.
| Title: |
| The unusual 8-13 micron spectrum of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| BREGMAN, J. D.; WITTEBORN, F. C. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(NASA, Ames Research Center, Astrophysical Experiments Branch, Moffett Field, CA) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 281, June 1, 1984, p. L17-L19. |
| Publication Date: |
| 06/1984 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, SEYFERT GALAXIES, INFRARED SPECTRA, RED SHIFT, SILICATES |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1984ApJ...281L..17B |
Abstract
An 8-13 micron spectrum was obtained of the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 231
with a spectral resolution of 0.22 micron per point. The spectrum is
unlike any previously published spectrum at these wavelengths. The
spectrum can be attributed to a combination of absorption and reemission
by crystalline silicates which must have formed under conditions quite
different from those in which silicates form in the Galaxy. Comparison
of the data with previously published data indicates that the infrared
emission is extended and not dominated by a bright central source.
| Title: |
| 8-13 micron spectrophotometry of galaxies. III - The silicate absorption in Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| ROCHE, P. F.; AITKEN, D. K.; WHITMORE, B. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(University College, London, England; Royal Australian Air Force Academy, Melbourne, Australia) AC(University College, London, England) |
| Journal: |
| Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711), vol. 205, Oct. 1983, p. 21P-26P. Research supported by the Science and Engineering Research Council. |
| Publication Date: |
| 10/1983 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| INFRARED ABSORPTION, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION, SEYFERT GALAXIES, SILICATES, GALACTIC NUCLEI, INFRARED SPECTRA, INTERSTELLAR MATTER, RED SHIFT, SPECTROPHOTOMETRY |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1983MNRAS.205P..21R |
Abstract
Spectrophotometry at 8-13 micron of Mkn 231 confirms that the 10 micron
minimum is due to large columns of silicate dust in the line-of-sight to
the nucleus. Fits to the detailed spectral shape demonstrate that the
cool absorbing grains are at the emission rather than the absorption
redshift and are located within the nuclear region.
| Title: |
| Optical polarization of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 3, Mrk 231, NGC 3227 and NGC 3516 |
| Authors: |
| THOMPSON, I.; STOCKMAN, H. S.; ANGEL, J. R. P.; BEAVER, E. A. |
| Affiliation: |
| AC(Steward Observatory, Tucson, Ariz.) AD(California, University, La Jolla, Calif.) |
| Journal: |
| and J. D. Landstreet. Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices, vol. 192, July 1980, p. 53-74. Research supported by the National Research Council of Canada |
| Publication Date: |
| 07/1980 |
| Category: |
| Astronomy |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| EMISSION SPECTRA, GALACTIC STRUCTURE, LINE SPECTRA, OPTICAL POLARIZATION, SEYFERT GALAXIES, CIRCULAR POLARIZATION, CONTINUOUS SPECTRA, GALACTIC NUCLEI, H ALPHA LINE, INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1980MNRAS.192...53T |
Abstract
The paper presents intermediate resolution observations of the emission
line and continuum polarization of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 3, Mrk 231,
NGC 3227, and NGC 3516. The polarization shows a strong wavelength
dependence with the polarization increasing smoothly into the blue for
each galaxy. This wavelength dependence, together with the presence of
polarized H(alpha) emission, indicates that the polarization of each
galaxy is caused by an asymmetric dust envelope surrounding the nucleus.
Observations of the polarization of the /O III/ lambda 5007 emission in
Mrk 3 and NGC 3227, and the polarization through the nonstellar Na ID
line absorption in Mrk 231 are used to place constraints on the extent
of the polarizing clouds in these galaxies. No polarization variability
was detected with time-bases ranging from a few weeks to three years.
| Title: |
| The optical variability of two Seyfert 1 galaxies - Arakelian 120 and Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| MILLER, H. R. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga.) |
| Journal: |
| Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, vol. 35, Mar. 1979, p. 387-389. Research supported by the Research Corp. and Georgia State University. |
| Publication Date: |
| 03/1979 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOMETRY, GALACTIC RADIATION, SEYFERT GALAXIES, VARIABILITY, FORBIDDEN TRANSITIONS, LUMINOUS INTENSITY, STELLAR MAGNITUDE |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1979A&AS...35..387M |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| Substructure with Strong UV Excess in the Seyfert-Type Galaxy Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| KODAIRA, K.; LYE, M.; NISHIMURA, S. |
| Journal: |
| Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 31, p. 451-460 (1979) |
| Publication Date: |
| 00/1979 |
| Origin: |
| OCR |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1979PASJ...31..451K |
Abstract
Not Available.
| Title: |
| The infrared polarization of NGC 1275, NGC 4151, Markarian 231, and 3C 273 |
| Authors: |
| KEMP, J. C.; RIEKE, G. H.; LEBOFSKY, M. J.; COYNE, G. V. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Oregon, University, Eugene, Ore.) AD(Steward Observatory; Arizona, University, Tucson, Ariz.) |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor, vol. 215, Aug. 1, 1977, p. L107-L110. NSF-supported research. |
| Publication Date: |
| 08/1977 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| INFRARED RADIATION, POLARIZATION CHARACTERISTICS, QUASARS, SEYFERT GALAXIES, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, LIGHT MODULATION, OPTICAL POLARIZATION, PHOTOELASTICITY, POLARIMETRY |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1977ApJ...215L.107K |
Abstract
The letter reports initial observations obtained with an infrared
polarimeter employing photoelastic modulators. Operable over the range
from 1 to 8 microns, it has vanishing instrumental polarization, no more
than about 0.03% as verified so far. The common and surprising feature
of the four objects studied is the very small polarization at 2.2
microns, namely: (0.33 + or - 0.14)% in 3C 273, (0.13 + or - 0.06)% in
NGC 4151, (0.55 + or - 0.11)% in Markarian 231, and (0.52 + or - 0.20)%
in NGC 1275. These contrast with the large infrared polarizations in,
for example, BL Lacertae objects. At least in NGC 4151, if the radiation
mechanism is nonthermal it must be of an unpolarized type.
| Title: |
| The remarkable Seyfert galaxy Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| BOKSENBERG, A.; CARSWELL, R. F.; ALLEN, D. A.; FOSBURY, R. A. E.; PENSTON, M. V.; SARGENT, W. L. W. |
| Affiliation: |
| AB(University College, London, England) AE(Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, Sussex, England; Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, New South Wales, Australia) AF(Hale Observatories, Pasadena, Calif.) |
| Journal: |
| Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices, vol. 178, Feb. 1977, p. 451-466. Research supported by the Smithsonian Research Foundation. |
| Publication Date: |
| 02/1977 |
| Category: |
| Astrophysics |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| ABSORPTION SPECTRA, ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY, EMISSION SPECTRA, LUMINOUS INTENSITY, QUASARS, SEYFERT GALAXIES, ASTRONOMICAL MODELS, BALMER SERIES, ELECTRONOGRAPHY, FLUORESCENCE, GALACTIC NUCLEI, H LINES, HOT STARS, K LINES, OPTICAL THICKNESS, RADIANT FLUX DENSITY, RED SHIFT, SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, STELLAR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1977MNRAS.178..451B |
Abstract
Microdensitometer scans, spectrophotometric scans, spectra, and a direct
electronograph of the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 231 are presented and
analyzed. It is shown that the continuum of this galaxy is remarkably
red for a Seyfert and can be fitted with either a synchrotron spectrum
or the spectrum of a 10,000-K black body reddened by about 2.1
magnitudes. In either case, the absolute visual magnitude of the galaxy
is -25.1, the optical luminosity of many quasars. The emission-line
spectrum is synthesized from the H I, He I, Fe II, and forbidden O II
lines; the Balmer lines, other emission lines, and three systems of
absorption lines are also examined. The role of fluorescence in the line
emission is investigated, and two models for the nuclear region are
considered. In one model the continuum arises from hot stars, in the
other it is produced by a nonthermal source. It is concluded that
Markarian 231 is an extreme object since no sharp forbidden line
emission other than O II is observed, that all Lyman continuum photons
may be absorbed in the dense inner region, and that the high luminosity
of this galaxy places it in the quasar class.
| Title: |
| THE INFRARED EMISSION OF MARKARIAN 231 |
| Authors: |
| RIEKE, G. H. |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal Letters v.210, p.L5 |
| Publication Date: |
| 11/1976 |
| Origin: |
| OCR |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1976ApJ...210L...5R |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| Further infrared and millimeter observations of Markarian 231 |
| Authors: |
| JOYCE, R. R.; KNACKE, R. F.; SIMON, M.; YOUNG, E. |
| Journal: |
| Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications, vol. 87, Oct. 1975, p. 683-687. |
| Publication Date: |
| 10/1975 |
| Category: |
| Astronomy |
| Origin: |
| STI |
| NASA/STI Keywords: |
| GALACTIC STRUCTURE, INFRARED ASTRONOMY, MILLIMETER WAVES, SEYFERT GALAXIES, THERMAL EMISSION, ASTRONOMICAL MODELS, MICROWAVE EMISSION, RADIO ASTRONOMY |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1975PASP...87..683J |
Abstract
New infrared and 3.3 millimeter observations of the Seyfert galaxy,
Markarian 231, are reported. Thermal and nonthermal models of the
radiation source are discussed although it is not possible to specify a
unique model based on these data.
| Title: |
| The aborption-line Seyfert galaxy Markarian 231. |
| Authors: |
| ADAMS, T. F.; WEEDMAN, D. W. |
| Journal: |
| Astrophys. J., 173, L109-L111 (1972) |
| Publication Date: |
| 05/1972 |
| Origin: |
| SIMBAD |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1972ApJ...173L.109A |
Abstract
Not Available
| Title: |
| First Results from the ISO-IRAS Faint Galaxy Survey |
| Authors: |
| LEVINE, DEBORAH A.; LONSDALE, CAROL J.; HURT, ROBERT L.; SMITH, HARDING E.; HELOU, GEORGE; BEICHMAN, CHARLES; CESARSKY, CATHERINE; ELBAZ, DAVID; KLAAS, ULRICH; LAUREIJS, RENE; LEMKE, DETRICH; LORD, STEVEN; MCMAHON, RICHARD; MOSHIR, MEHRDAD; NEUGEBAUER, GERRY; SOIFER, B. T.; VAN BUREN, DAVE; WEHRLE, ANN; WOLSTENCROFT, RAY |
| Journal: |
| Astrophysical Journal v.504, p.64 |
| Publication Date: |
| 09/1998 |
| Origin: |
| APJ |
| ApJ Keywords: |
| GALAXIES: ACTIVE, GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY, INFRARED: GALAXIES, SURVEYS |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1998: The American Astronomical Society |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1998ApJ...504...64L |
Abstract
We present the first results from the ISO-IRAS Faint Galaxy Survey
(IIFGS), a program designed to obtain ISO observations of the most
distant and luminous galaxies in the IRAS Faint Source Survey by filling
short gaps in the ISO observing schedule with pairs of 12 mu m ISOCAM
and 90 mu m ISOPHOT observations. As of 1997 October, over 500 sources
have been observed, with an ISOCAM detection rate over 80%, covering
over 1.25 deg2 of sky to an 11.5 mu m point-source completeness limit of
approximately 1.0 mJy (corresponding to a ~10 sigma detection
sensitivity). Observations are presented for nine sources detected by
ISOPHOT and ISOCAM early in the survey for which we have ground-based G-
and I-band images and optical spectroscopy. The ground-based data
confirm that the IIFGS strategy efficiently detects moderate-redshift (z
= 0.11-0.38 for this small sample) strong emission line galaxies with
L60 mu m >~ 1011 L&sun; one of our sample has L60 mu m > 1012 L&sun; (H0
= 75 km s-1 Mpc-1, Omega = 1). The infrared-optical spectral energy
distributions are comparable to those of nearby luminous infrared
galaxies, which span the range from pure starburst (e.g., Arp 220) to
infrared QSO (Mrk 231). Two of the systems show signs of strong
interaction, and four show active galactic nucleus (AGN)-like
excitation; one of the AGNs, F15390+6038, which shows a high excitation
Seyfert 2 spectrum, has an unusually warm far- to mid-infrared color and
may be an obscured QSO. The IIFGS sample is one of the largest and
deepest samples of infrared-luminous galaxies available, promising to be
a rich sample for studying infrared-luminous galaxies up to z ~ 1 and
for understanding the evolution of infrared galaxies and the star
formation rate in the universe.
| Title: |
| Adaptive optics observations of ultra-luminous infrared galaxies I. J, H, K images of Mkn 231 |
| Authors: |
| LAI, O.; ROUAN, D.; RIGAUT, F.; ARSENAULT, R.; GENDRON, E. |
| Affiliation: |
| AA(Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Departement Spatial, CNRS, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France (lai@hplyot.obspm.fr)), AB(Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Departement Spatial, CNRS, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France (lai@hplyot.obspm.fr)), AC(Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corp.), AD(Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corp.), AE(Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Departement Spatial, CNRS, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France (lai@hplyot.obspm.fr)) |
| Journal: |
| Astronomy and Astrophysics, v.334, p.783-788 (1998) |
| Publication Date: |
| 06/1998 |
| Origin: |
| A&A |
| A&A Keywords: |
| ADAPTIVE OPTICS, INFRARED: GALAXIES, , GALAXIES: STARBURST, GALAXIES: SEYFERT, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MKN 231 |
| Abstract Copyright: |
| (c) 1998: Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| Bibliographic Code: |
| 1998A&A...334..783L |
Abstract
We present adaptive optics observations in J, H and K of the
Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxy, Markarian 231. This galaxy is the one
among ULIRGs that shows most clearly the character of a QSO with a very
peaked nuclear source. Even with a FWHM PSF of 0.11 arcsec, our images
show that the central source is still unresolved and should be more
compact than 50 pc; in addition, the position on the [J-H]/[H-K]
color-diagram of this point-like source is very close to the locus of
QSOs. Both results point to an actual AGN - almost unreddened - at the
center of Mkn 231. The underlying extended emission appears to be
extremely red in a circum-nuclear region of ~ 2.5 kpc, that should be
identified with the hot molecular gas disk recently found in H_2. In
addition, we detect on the deconvolved images a second source (B) at
0.15 arcsec north to the nucleus with [H-K] colors that are consistent
either with the stellar nucleus of a merging galaxy, or with a giant HII
complex of violent star formation. We favor the later interpretation
since this source lies in the direction where the molecular hydrogen
emission peaks.
Based on observations obtained at Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope
operated by the National Research Council of Canada, The Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique de France and the University of Hawaii.
Abstract
We have used the UCSD/Keck Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS; Jones &
Puetter 1993, Proc. S.P.I.E., 1946, 610) in its initial (72 x 64)
imaging mode to observe the luminous IR Galaxies Mrk 231, Arp 220, and
NGC 7469, as well as NGC 1068 at mid-infrared wavelengths from
8--18\micron. Pixon-based image reconstruction techniques (Puetter 1