Materials:

Light Emitting Diode

• 4 brass washers *
• 4 zinc-plated steel washers *
• a piece of aluminum foil (5 cm square) *
• 4 paper squares just wider than the washers *
• small dropper bottle of salty vinegar *
• buzzer * It's useful to connect a black clip-end wire to the black wire from the buzzer, and a red clip-end wire to the red wire.
• light-emitting diode

Making a battery:

• Place a paper square on top of a zinc/steel washer.
• Put one or two drops of the salty vinegar on the paper, over the washer. We want to get the paper damp but not dripping.
• Place a brass washer on the paper.
• Push down on the washer. If any liquid oozes out, wipe it off (and use less, next time). The brass top and the zinc bottom should not have any liquid on them.

• Make three more of these brass/paper/zinc batteries.

A single battery of this kind is not strong enough to cause anything to happen with any of our electrical devices. However, we can make a stronger battery by putting them in series in a stack. (Put the stack on the piece of aluminum foil. This will give a convenient way to provide an electrical connection to the bottom of the stack, which is going to be rather wobbly.)




• Build a tower of two of the batteries on the aluminum foil, as shown. Always place them so that the brass washer is on top.
  The stack of two sandwiches is equivalent to stacking two batteries end-to-end. It produces 1.4 V between the aluminum foil and the top brass washer. It probably also will not do anything, but you could try to run the buzzer with it by connecting the negative (black) wire to the aluminum foil, and touching the positive (red) wire to the top brass washer.
• Continue to build the battery by adding another layer of zinc/moistened paper/brass. Check it with both the buzzer and the light emitting diode (connect one of the light emitting diode wires to the aluminum foil, and connect the other to the top of the stack).
• Then add the last layer, and check it again.

It is important that the bottom side of the zinc washers stay dry, that the paper is damp, and that everything is in the right order.

You will notice that the battery works better if you disconnect it and let it rest for a few seconds. It may also help to push straight down gently, to improve the contact between the washers.

When you are through studying the battery, take it apart and wash and dry the washers. As you do so, notice that the paper has become stained, and the brass washer discolored. These are evidence of the chemical reactions that released the energy that the battery was producing. If you run the battery long enough, you will remove the zinc coating from the washer altogether.