rt_line_one.cpp

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/* This file is part of Cloudy and is copyright (C)1978-2017 by Gary J. Ferland and
 * others.  For conditions of distribution and use see copyright notice in license.txt */
/*RT_line_escape do line radiative transfer,
 * evaluates escape and destruction probability */
/* NB no wind distinction - that is done where optical depths are incremented
 * with line opacity - rt_line_one_tauinc and in line width for rad pressure */
/*RT_line_fine_opacity do fine opacities for one line */
/*RT_line_pumping pumping by external and locally emitted radiation fields */
#include "cddefines.h"
#include "rfield.h"
#include "opacity.h"
#include "conv.h"
#include "radius.h"
#include "rt_escprob.h"
#include "rt.h"
#include "cosmology.h"
#include "hydrogenic.h"
#include "iso.h"
#include "wind.h"
#include "geometry.h"

/*RT_line_pumping pumping by external and locally emitted radiation fields */
STATIC void RT_line_pumping(
                 /* the em line we will work on  */
                 const TransitionProxy& t ,
                 /* this is option to not include line self shielding across this zone.
                 * this can cause pump to depend on zone thickness, and leads to unstable
                 * feedback in some models with the large H2 molecule, due to Solomon
                 * process depending on zone thickness and level populations. */
                 bool lgShield_this_zone,
                 realnum DopplerWidth)
{
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "RT_line_pumping()" );

        ASSERT( t.ipCont() >= 1 );

        /* pumping by incident and diffuse continua */
        /* option to kill induced processes */
        if( !rfield.lgInducProcess )
        {
                t.Emis().pump() = 0.;
        }
        else if( conv.lgFirstSweepThisZone || t.Emis().iRedisFun() == ipLY_A )
        {
                double EffectiveThickness = radius.drad_x_fillfac;
                if( cosmology.lgDo )
                {
                        EffectiveThickness = safe_div( DopplerWidth, wind.dvdr );
                        lgShield_this_zone = false;
                }
                double dTau =  (t.Emis().PopOpc() * t.Emis().opacity() / DopplerWidth + 
                        opac.opacity_abs[t.ipCont()-1])* EffectiveThickness;

                /* continuum shielding into this function -- now includes
                        optional correction for finite zone depth */
                double shield_continuum = RT_continuum_shield_fcn( t, lgShield_this_zone, dTau );

                /* continuum upward pumping rate, A gu/gl abs prob occnum
                * the "no induced" command causes continuum pumping to be set to 0 
                * this includes pumping by diffuse continuum */
                t.Emis().pump() = t.Emis().Aul() * (*t.Hi()).g() / (*t.Lo()).g() * shield_continuum *(
                        rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[t.ipCont()-1] + rfield.OccNumbContEmitOut[t.ipCont()-1] );

                if( 0 && t.chLabel() == "H  1 1215.68A" )
                        fprintf(ioQQQ,
                                "LINE PUMPING:\t label= \"%s\"\t %g\t %g\t %g\n",
                                t.chLabel().c_str(),
                                shield_continuum,
                                rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[t.ipCont()-1] + rfield.OccNumbContEmitOut[t.ipCont()-1],
                                t.Emis().pump()
                                );
                /* 
                 * This is an option to account for intrinsic absorption or emission line the lyman 
                 * lines.  This is done without changing the incident coarse continuum.  
                 * Check if continuum pumping of H Lyman lines to be multiplied by scale factor
                 * hydro.xLymanPumpingScaleFactor is set with atom h-like Lyman pumping scale command 
                 * Lya pump rate is always updated - this is simplest way to finese intrinsic absorption
                 * or emission 
                 */
                if ( t.ipLo() == 0 && t.systemIs(iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].tr) )
                {
                        t.Emis().pump() *=  hydro.xLymanPumpingScaleFactor;
                }
                /* NB NB line pumping by local diffuse emission is not included. */
        }

        return;
}

/*RT_line_escape do line radiative transfer escape and destruction probabilities 
 * this routine sets */
STATIC void RT_line_escape(
           /* the em line we will work on  */
           const TransitionProxy &t,
           /* Stark escape probability to be added to Pesc */
           realnum pestrk,
           realnum DopplerWidth,
           bool lgGoodTau)
{
        DestType nRedis;

        DEBUG_ENTRY( "RT_line_escape()" );

        /* a runaway maser */
        if( t.Emis().TauIn() < -30. )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "PROBLEM RT_line_escape called with large negative "
                        "optical depth, zone %.2f, setting lgAbort true.\n",
                        fnzone );
                DumpLine(t);
                /* return busted true instead of exit here, so that code will
                 * not hang under MPI */
                lgAbort = true;
                return;
        }

        if( cosmology.lgDo )
        {
                /* Sobolev escape */
                if( conv.lgFirstSweepThisZone && lgGoodTau )
                {
                        realnum tau_Sobolev =  t.Emis().TauTot();

                        if( tau_Sobolev < 1E-5 )
                        {
                                t.Emis().Pesc() = 1.;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                t.Emis().Pesc() = ( 1.f - exp( -1.f * tau_Sobolev ) )/ tau_Sobolev;
                        }

                        /* inward escaping fraction */
                        t.Emis().FracInwd() = rt.fracin;
                }
                fixit("is this correct?");
                nRedis.t = DestType::ipDEST_K2;
        }
        else if (0) // LVG escape from Castor, Radiation Hydrodynamics
        {
                if( conv.lgFirstSweepThisZone && lgGoodTau )
                {
                        long int ipLineCenter = t.Emis().ipFine() + rfield.ipFineConVelShift;

                        double OpacityEffective;
                        // Don't use fine opacity -- need to make sure a fully updated
                        // value is used, or use other means to handle overlap
                        if( 0 && 
                                 t.Emis().ipFine()>=0 && ipLineCenter>0 && 
                                 ipLineCenter<rfield.nfine && rfield.lgOpacityFine )
                        {
                                OpacityEffective = rfield.fine_opac_zone[ipLineCenter];
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                OpacityEffective = t.Emis().PopOpc() * t.Emis().opacity() / 
                                        DopplerWidth;
                        }

                        // Castor, Radiation Hydrodynamics, p127
                        double exprate, sigma;
                        if ( !cosmology.lgDo )
                        {
                                exprate = radius.depth / wind.windv;
                                sigma = exprate * wind.dvdr  - 1.0; // (6.103)
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                exprate = 1.0/GetHubbleFactor(cosmology.redshift_current);
                                sigma = 0.0;
                        }
                        double tau = exprate * geometry.FillFac * OpacityEffective * 
                                DopplerWidth; // (6.106)                        
                        t.Emis().Pesc() = (realnum) RT_EscLVG(tau, sigma);
                        t.Emis().FracInwd() = 0.5;
                }
                fixit("is this correct?");
                nRedis.t = DestType::ipDEST_K2;
        }
        /* static solution - which type of line will determine
         * which redistribution function */
        /* iRedisFun() == 1 - alpha resonance line, partial redistribution,
         * ipPRD == 1 */
        else if( t.Emis().iRedisFun() == ipPRD )
        {
                /* incomplete redistribution with wings */
                if( conv.lgFirstSweepThisZone && lgGoodTau )
                {
                        t.Emis().Pesc() = (realnum)esc_PRD( t.Emis().TauIn(), t.Emis().TauTot(), t.Emis().damp() );

                        /* >>chng 03 jun 07, do not clobber esp prob when line is masing -
                        * this had effect of preventing total escape prob from getting larger than 1 */
                        if( pestrk > 0.f && t.Emis().Pesc() < 1.f )
                                t.Emis().Pesc() = min( 1.f, t.Emis().Pesc() + pestrk );

                        /* inward escaping fraction */
                        t.Emis().FracInwd() = rt.fracin;
                }
                nRedis.t = DestType::ipDEST_INCOM;
        }

        /* complete redistribution without wings - t.ipLnRedis is ipCRD == -1 */
        else if( t.Emis().iRedisFun() == ipCRD )
        {
                if( conv.lgFirstSweepThisZone && lgGoodTau )
                {
                        /* >>chng 01 mar -6, escsub will call any of several esc prob routines,
                        * depending of how core is set.  We always want core-only for this option,
                        * so call  esca0k2(tau) directly */
                        t.Emis().Pesc() = (realnum)esc_CRDcore( t.Emis().TauIn(), t.Emis().TauTot() );

                        if( pestrk > 0.f && t.Emis().Pesc() < 1.f )
                                t.Emis().Pesc() = min( 1.f, t.Emis().Pesc() + pestrk );

                        /* inward escaping fraction */
                        t.Emis().FracInwd() = rt.fracin;
                }
                nRedis.t = DestType::ipDEST_K2;
        }

        /* CRD with wings, = 2 */
        else if( t.Emis().iRedisFun() == ipCRDW )
        {
                /* complete redistribution with damping wings */
                if( conv.lgFirstSweepThisZone && lgGoodTau )
                {
                        t.Emis().Pesc() = (realnum)esc_CRDwing( t.Emis().TauIn(), t.Emis().TauTot(), t.Emis().damp() );

                        if( pestrk > 0.f && t.Emis().Pesc() < 1.f )
                                t.Emis().Pesc() = min( 1.f, t.Emis().Pesc() + pestrk );

                        /* inward escaping fraction */
                        t.Emis().FracInwd() = rt.fracin;
                }
                nRedis.t = DestType::ipDEST_K2;
        }

        /* Lya is special case */
        else if( t.Emis().iRedisFun() == ipLY_A )
        {
                /* incomplete redistribution with wings, for special case of Lya
                * uses fits to Hummer & Kunasz numerical results 
                * this routine is different because escape and dest probs
                * are evaluated together, so no test of lgDoEsc */
                if( lgGoodTau )
                {
                        double dest , esin;

                        /* this will always evaluate escape prob, no matter what lgDoEsc is.
                        * The destruction prob comes back as dest */
                        t.Emis().Pesc() = (realnum)RTesc_lya( &esin, &dest, t.Emis().PopOpc(), t, DopplerWidth );

                        if( pestrk > 0.f && t.Emis().Pesc() < 1.f )
                                t.Emis().Pesc() = min( 1.f, t.Emis().Pesc() + pestrk );

                        /*  this is fraction of line which is inward escaping */
                        t.Emis().FracInwd() = rt.fracin;

                        nRedis.t = DestType::ipDEST_LYA;
                        nRedis.dest = dest;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " RT_line_escape called with impossible redistribution function %d\n",
                                t.Emis().iRedisFun());
                ShowMe();
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        if( lgGoodTau && t.Emis().opacity() > 0. )
        {
                // Now include electron escape
                RT_DestProb(t,
                                                /* line width in velocity units */
                                                DopplerWidth,
                                                /* redistribution function */
                                                nRedis);
        }
        return;
}

/*RT_line_fine_opacity do fine opacities for one line */
STATIC void RT_line_fine_opacity(
        /* the em line we will work on  */
        const TransitionProxy& t,
        realnum DopplerWidth)
{
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "RT_line_fine_opacity()" );

        /* this is line center frequency, including bulk motion of gas */
        long int ipLineCenter = t.Emis().ipFine() + rfield.ipFineConVelShift;

        /* define fine opacity fine grid fine mesh */
        /* rfield.lgOpacityFine flag set false with no fine opacities command */
        ASSERT (conv.lgLastSweepThisZone);
        if( ipLineCenter < 0 || t.Emis().PopOpc() < SMALLFLOAT ||
                ipLineCenter>rfield.nfine || !rfield.lgOpacityFine )
        {
                return;
        }

        /* number of fine opacity cells corresponding to one doppler width for current
         * temperature, velocity field, and nuclear mass,
         * rfield.fine_opac_velocity_width is width per cell, cm/s */
        realnum cells_wide_1x = DopplerWidth/rfield.fine_opac_velocity_width;

        /* line center opacity - type realnum since will add to fine opacity array,
         * which is realnum */
        realnum opac_line =  (realnum)t.Emis().PopOpc() * t.Emis().opacity() / DopplerWidth;

        // this is effective optical depth to this point. Do not do line if 
        // this product is less than SMALLFLOAT
        double dTauEffec = opac_line*radius.depth_x_fillfac;
        if( dTauEffec < SMALLFLOAT )
                return;

        /* core width of optically thick line, do 4x with exponential Doppler core,
         * must be at least one cell, but profile is symmetric */
        const bool doDamp = dTauEffec*t.Emis().damp()/9. > 0.1;

        long int nCells_damp;
        /* include damping wings if optical depth is large */
        if( doDamp )
        {
                // find number of cells to extend the damping wings - cells_wide_1x is one dop width
                // tests with th85orion, stopping at half -h2 point, showed that 0.01 was
                // needed for outer edge, given the definition of dTauEffec
                realnum x = realnum(sqrt( dTauEffec * t.Emis().damp()*100./SQRTPI ) * cells_wide_1x);
                // test on size of x, which can exceed
                // limits of long in extreme optical depths */
                long max_cells = max(rfield.nfine-ipLineCenter, ipLineCenter+1);
                if( x < realnum(max_cells) )
                {
                        nCells_damp = long(x);
                }
                else
                {
                        /* x was too big, just set to extreme range, which is
                        * number of cells to farthest boundary */
                        nCells_damp = max_cells;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                // Doppler core only
                nCells_damp = long(cells_wide_1x*4.f + 1.5f);
        }

        /* want line to be at least one cell wide */
        nCells_damp = max( 1, nCells_damp );

        static vector<realnum> xprofile, profile;
        xprofile.resize(nCells_damp);
        profile.resize(nCells_damp);

        realnum dcell = 1.f/cells_wide_1x;
        for( long int i=0; i < nCells_damp; ++i )
        {
                /* distance from line center in units of doppler width */
                xprofile[i] = i*dcell;
        }
        
        VoigtH(t.Emis().damp(), &xprofile[0], &profile[0], nCells_damp);

        // Merging loops with abs() increases dynamics_wind run time by x2 for gcc 4.8.3
        long ilo = max(ipLineCenter-nCells_damp+1,0), ihi = min(ipLineCenter+nCells_damp,rfield.nfine);
        for( long i=ilo; i < ipLineCenter; ++i )
        {
                rfield.fine_opac_zone[i] += profile[ipLineCenter-i]*opac_line;
        }
        for( long i=ipLineCenter; i < ihi; ++i )
        {
                rfield.fine_opac_zone[i] += profile[i-ipLineCenter]*opac_line;
        }

        return;
}

/*RT_line_one do rt for emission line structure - calls RT_line_escape or RT_line_wind */
void RT_line_one_escape(
        /* the em line we will work on  */
        const TransitionProxy &t,
        /* this is option to not include line self shielding across this zone.
         * this can cause pump to depend on zone thickness, and leads to unstable
         * feedback in some models with the large H2 molecule, due to Solomon
         * process depending on zone thickness and level populations. */
        bool lgShield_this_zone,
        /* Stark escape probability to be added to Pesc */
        realnum pestrk,
        realnum DopplerWidth )
{
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "RT_line_one_escape()" );

        // do nothing is population and this is not the very first call 
        // skip line transfer if requested with 'no line transfer' command, but never skip Lya
        if( !rfield.lgDoLineTrans && (t.Emis().iRedisFun() != ipLY_A) )
        {
                return;
        }

        /* line damping constant at current temperature  */
        t.Emis().damp() = t.Emis().dampXvel() / DopplerWidth;
        ASSERT( t.Emis().damp() > 0. );

        // do not evaluate if no population 
        if( (*t.Lo()).Pop()<=SMALLFLOAT )
        {
                /* zero population, return after setting everything with side effects */
                t.Emis().Pesc() = 1.f;

                /* inward escaping fraction */
                t.Emis().FracInwd() = 0.5;

                /* pumping rate */
                t.Emis().pump() = 0.;

                /* destruction probability */
                t.Emis().Pdest() = 0.;
                t.Emis().Pelec_esc() = 0.;
        }
        else if( t.EnergyErg() / EN1RYD <= rfield.plsfrq )
        {
                // transition is below plasma frequency - photons not emitted
                t.Emis().Pesc() = SMALLFLOAT;
                t.Emis().Pdest() = SMALLFLOAT;
                t.Emis().Pelec_esc() = SMALLFLOAT;
                t.Emis().pump() = SMALLFLOAT;
        }
        else
        {
                /* this checks if we have overrun the optical depth scale,
                 * in which case the inward optical depth is greater than the
                 * previous iteration's total optical depth.
                 * We do not reevaluate escape probabilities if the optical depth
                 * scale has been overrun due to huge bogus change in solution
                 * that would result */
                bool lgGoodTau = lgTauGood( t );
                RT_line_escape( t, pestrk, DopplerWidth , lgGoodTau);
                RT_line_pumping( t , lgShield_this_zone , DopplerWidth );       
        }

        return;
}

/*RT_line_one do rt for emission line structure - calls RT_line_escape or RT_line_wind */
void RT_line_one_fine(
        /* the em line we will work on  */
        const TransitionProxy &t,
        /* this is option to not include line self shielding across this zone.
         * this can cause pump to depend on zone thickness, and leads to unstable
         * feedback in some models with the large H2 molecule, due to Solomon
         * process depending on zone thickness and level populations. */
        bool /* lgShield_this_zone */,
        /* Stark escape probability to be added to Pesc */
        realnum /* pestrk */ ,
        realnum DopplerWidth )
{
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "RT_line_one_fine()" );

        // do nothing is population and this is not the very first call 
        // skip line transfer if requested with 'no line transfer' command, but never skip Lya
        if( !rfield.lgDoLineTrans && (t.Emis().iRedisFun() != ipLY_A) )
        {
                return;
        }

        /* line damping constant at current temperature  */
        t.Emis().damp() = t.Emis().dampXvel() / DopplerWidth;
        ASSERT( t.Emis().damp() > 0. );

        /* option to keep track of population values during calls,
         * print out data to make histogram */
        enum {DEBUG_LOC=false};
        if( DEBUG_LOC )
        {
                static long int nTau[100];
                long n;

                if( nzone==0 )
                {
                        for(n=0; n<100; ++n )
                                nTau[n] = 0;
                }
                if( (*t.Lo()).Pop()<=SMALLFLOAT )
                        n = 0;
                else
                        n = (long)log10( (*t.Lo()).Pop() )+37;
                n = MIN2( n , 99 );
                n = MAX2( n , 0 );
                ++nTau[n];
                if( nzone > 183 )
                {
                        for(n=0; n<100; ++n )
                                fprintf(ioQQQ,"%li\t%li\n", n , nTau[n] );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                }
        }
        
        if( (*t.Lo()).Pop() > SMALLFLOAT && t.EnergyErg() / EN1RYD > rfield.plsfrq )
        {
                // transition is below plasma frequency - photons not emitted
                // the last sweep through this zone is to do the fine opacities
                // the populations are not updated on the last sweep so the 
                // line transfer details also should not be updated
                RT_line_fine_opacity( t , DopplerWidth );
        }

        return;
}